Charlemagne: The Formation of a European IdentityCharlemagne is often claimed as the greatest ruler in Europe before Napoleon. This magisterial study re examines Charlemagne the ruler and his reputation. It analyses the narrative representations of Charlemagne produced after his death, and thereafter focuses on the evidence from Charlemagne's lifetime concerning the creation of the Carolingian dynasty and the growth of the kingdom, the court and the royal household, communications and identities in